Bài viết hôm nay, IELTS Lab sẽ hướng dẫn người học cách làm dạng bài True False Not Given trong IELTS Reading thông qua bài sample reading chủ đề “Ambergris”.

SAMPLE READING AND EXERCISE:

Ambergris

A The name ambergris is derived from the Spanish “ambar gris”, ambar meaning amber and gris meaning grey, thus the name signifies grey amber. Theuse of ambergris in Europe is now entirely confined to perfumery-as a material of perfumery. Its high price varies from$15 to$25 an ounce, though it formerlyoccupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris was also decoratedandworn as jewelry, particularly during the Renaissance．It occupies a very important place in the perfumery of the East, and there it is also used in pharmacy and as a flavouring material in cookery.

B Amber, however, is quite a different substance from ambergris and thisdiscrepancy has puzzled some people. Amber is the fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent and wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees. In the dense forests of the Middle Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, between 10 and 100 million years ago, these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions. There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment, and over millions of years the resin hardened into amber.

C Ambergris and amber are related by the fact that both wash up on beaches. Ambergris is a solid, waxy and flammable substance of a dull 2rey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated 1ike marble. It possesses a peculiar sweet，earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol. It is now known to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the sperm whale, found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on the sea coast, or in the sand near the sea coast．It is met with in the Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts Of Brazil and Madagascar; also on the coast Of Africa, of the East Indies, China, Japan, and the Molucca Islands; but most of the ambergris which is brought to England comes from the Bahama Islands. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales; it is always in lumps in various shapes and sizes, weighing from 1/ 2 oz. to 100 or more lb. A piece which the Dutch East India Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182 lb. An American fisherman from Antigua found, Inside a whale, about 52 1eagues south-east from the Windward Islands, a piece of ambergris which weighed about l 30 lb, and sold for 500 sterling.

D Like many other substances regarding the origin of which there existed some obscurity or mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous hypotheses were started to account for its origin, and among others it was conjectured to be the solidified foam of the sea, a fungous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees.

E The true source and character of ambergris was first satisfactorily established by Dr. Swediaur in a communication to the Royal Society. It was found by Dr. Swediaur that ambergris very frequently contained the horny mandibles or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are known to feed. That observation, in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intestines of the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that the substance is produced by the whale’s intestine as a means of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whale has eaten.

F It was further observed that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much wasted and evidently in a sickly condition. From this it was inferred that ambergris is in some way connected with a morbid condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey colour, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable smell. Following months to years of photo-degradation andoxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black colour, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odour that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalist. Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness.

G In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about 145 F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid．It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly acted on by acids. By digesting in hot alcohol, a peculiar substance termed ambrein is obtained. In chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin, a principle found abundantly in biliary calculi . It is therefore more than probable that ambergris, from the position in which it is found and its chemical constitution, is a biliary concretion analogous to what is formed in other mammals.

H The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales  almost to extinction. Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between 1740-1 880, and themodem whalers whose operations peaked in 1 964, when 29,255 were killed. Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about 1,100,000 before whaling. In the 20th century, 90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the United States, possession of any part of an endangered species-including ambergris that has washed ashore-is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978.

I Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrancechemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox, which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of Ambrox have also been devised.

 

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on you answer sheet, write

TRUE	if the statement is true
FALSE	if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN	if the information is not given in the passage

1. In the 20th century, most ambergris was made in the process of killing sperm whale.

2. Ambergris’s cost increased recently.

3. Ambergris still remains in the perfume making.

4. Ambergris is still the most important amber odorant in perfume manufacture.

 

PHÂN TÍCH

• Câu nhận định: In the 20th century, most ambergris was made in the process of killing sperm whale.

Bước 1: Xác định các “content words” (các từ này đã được in hoa).

In the 20TH CENTURY, MOST AMBERGRIS was MADE in the process of KILLING SPERM WHALE.

Ở câu này, các từ/cụm từ “20th Century”, “ambergris” và “sperm whale” đều là các danh từ/cụm danh từ. 

-> Có vai trò trong việc xác định vị trí thông tin trong bài đọc

Từ còn lại là từ “Most” là tính từ. 

-> Có vai trò trong việc xác định T/F/NG của câu hỏi.

Bước 2: So sánh các nhóm từ “content words” này với nội dung bài đọc.

Học viên bắt đầu so sánh từ khóa giữa câu hỏi và paragraph H trong bài đọc:

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
In the 20TH CENTURY, MOST AMBERGRIS was MADE in the process of KILLING SPERM WHALE.	In the 20th century, 90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales.
Từ văn bản trên, chúng ta có thể hiểu rằng “90% ambergris” có được từ quá trình giết cá voi. 90% = most made = derived => Câu trả lời là TRUE.

 

• Câu nhận định: Ambergris’s cost increased recently.

Bước 1: Xác định các “content words” (các từ này đã được in hoa).

AMBERGRIS’S COST INCREASED RECENTLY.

Ở câu này, tất cả các  từ ở đây đều đóng vai trò quan trọng trong câu (Subject, verb, adverb) nên đều có vai trò quan trọng trong việc tìm thông tin và xác định đáp án.

Bước 2: So sánh các nhóm từ “content words” này với nội dung bài đọc.

Học viên bắt đầu so sánh từ khóa giữa câu hỏi và paragraph H trong bài đọc:

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
AMBERGRIS’S COST INCREASED RECENTLY.	Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram.
Ở câu hỏi này, chúng ta cần xác định vị trí thông tin nói về việc giá của “ambergirs” tăng lên trong quãng thời gian gần đây. Tuy nhiên, trong bài này, thông tin duy nhất có thể tìm được về giá cả của “ambergris” là nó có giá tầm 20 đô la một gram. => Không đủ để kết luận là nó tăng hay giảm. => Câu trả lời là Not Given.

 

• Câu nhận định: Ambergris still remains in the perfume making.

Bước 1: Xác định các “content words” (các từ này đã được in hoa).

Ở câu này, tất cả các  từ ở đây đều đóng vai trò quan trọng trong câu (Subject, verb, adverb) nên đều có vai trò quan trọng trong việc tìm thông tin và xác định đáp án.

Bước 2: So sánh các nhóm từ “content words” này với nội dung bài đọc.

Học viên bắt đầu so sánh từ khóa giữa câu hỏi và paragraph I trong bài đọc:

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
AMBERGRIS still REMAINS in the PERFUME MAKING.	Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrancechemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox, which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture.
Ở câu này, chúng ta cần tìm thông tin về việc “ambergris” vẫn được sử dụng trong quá trình sản xuất nước hoa. Từ văn bản chúng ta có, có thể nhận thấy rằng mặc dù “ambergris” từng được sử dụng rộng rãi trong ngành này, nó đã dần được thay thế bởi “ambrox” vì rất khó để có được một nguồn cung “ambergris” lâu dài để phục vụ sản xuất. => “Ambergris” đã không còn được sử dụng nữa. => Câu trả lời là False.

 

• Câu nhận định: Ambergris is still the most important amber odorant in perfume manufacture.

Bước 1: Xác định các “content words” (các từ này đã được in hoa).

AMBERGRIS is still the MOST IMPORTANT AMBER ODORANT in PERFUME MANUFACTURE.

Ở câu này, các từ/cụm từ “AMBERGRIS”; “AMBER ODORANT” và “PERFUME MANUFACTURE “ đều là các danh từ/cụm danh từ. 

-> Có vai trò trong việc xác định vị trí thông tin trong bài đọc

Từ còn lại là từ “MOST IMPORTANT” là tính từ. 

-> Có vai trò trong việc xác định T/F/NG của câu hỏi.

Bước 2: So sánh các nhóm từ “content words” này với nội dung bài đọc.

Học viên bắt đầu so sánh từ khóa giữa câu hỏi và paragraph I trong bài đọc:

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
AMBERGRIS is still the MOST IMPORTANT AMBER ODORANT in PERFUME MANUFACTURE.	The most important of these is Ambrox, which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture.
Từ văn bản trên, chúng ta nhận thấy rằng “Ambrox” mới là loại “amber odorant” được sử dụng nhiều nhất trong ngành sản xuất nước hoa, chứ không phải “Ambergris”.  => Câu trả lời là False.

Sau khi trả lời câu 4, học viên tiếp tục thực hiện các bước tương tự với các câu tiếp theo trong bài thi IELTS Reading.